Njengento ebalulekile eyisisekelo ekukhiqizeni kwanamuhla, izinto ezinamathelayo zezimboni zidlala indima ebalulekile ku-aerospace, izimoto, ukupakisha ngogesi, ukwakhiwa, kanye nezimpahla zabathengi. Bafinyelela ukuxhumana okuqinile phakathi kwezinto ngokusebenzisa amandla e-intermolecular noma i-chemical bonding, enikeza izinzuzo ezimbili zokuqiniswa kwesakhiwo nokuhlanganiswa kokusebenza. Kancane kancane zishintsha izindlela zokuhlanganisa zemishini ezivamile (ezifana ne-riveting kanye nokushisela) futhi zibe umshayeli oyinhloko wokukhiqiza okungasindi nokunemba emkhakheni wezimboni.
I. Ukwahlukaniswa kanye Nezingxenye Eziyinhloko Zezinto Ezinamathelayo Zezimboni
Izinamatheliso zasezimbonini zingahlukaniswa zibe izigaba ezimbili ngokusekelwe ekwakhekeni kwamakhemikhali: okunamathelayo okuphilayo kanye nezinamatheliso ezingaphili. Izinto zokunamathisela eziphilayo yizona ezisetshenziswa kakhulu futhi zihlanganisa ama-epoxy resins, ama-acrylates, ama-polyurethanes, ama-silicones, nama-phenolic resins. Izinamatheliso ezingaphili zisekelwe ikakhulukazi ezinhlelweni ze-silicate, i-phosphate, ne-metal oxide futhi zifanele izinga lokushisa eliphezulu (kufika ku-1000℃) noma izindawo ezigqwala kakhulu.
Thatha ama-adhesive epoxy resin, isibonelo. Umgogodla wabo uqukethe amaqembu e-epoxy, akha -uhlaka lwenethiwekhi enobukhulu obuthathu ngokusabela{2}}okuxhumanisayo okuqalwa ama-ejenti okwelapha (njengama-amine nama-anhydride). Lezi zinto ezinamathelayo zibonisa amandla ebhondi aphezulu kakhulu (eminye imikhiqizo ingafinyelela ku-30-50 MPa) kanye nokumelana namakhemikhali, okuwenza ngokuvamile asetshenziselwe ukuhlanganisa izakhiwo zezinsimbi nezinsimbi nezinsimbi kuya ezintweni eziyinhlanganisela. Izinamatheliso ze-polyurethane, ngakolunye uhlangothi, zinokuqina kokubili okuhle kakhulu (ukwelula ngesikhathi sekhefu okudlula ama-200%) kanye nokumelana nomthelela ngenxa yokuba khona kwazo zombili izingxenye eziguquguqukayo neziqinile kumaketanga azo amangqamuzana. Zisetshenziswa kabanzi ekuhlanganiseni izinsimbi zangaphakathi zezimoto nezimpawu. Izinamathiselo ze-silicone, ezinamandla azo aphezulu e-Si-O yebhondi (452 kJ/mol) kanye ne-hydrophobicity eyingqayizivele, zigcina ukunwebeka ngaphezu kwezinga lokushisa elibanzi elingu- -60℃kuya ku-250 degree, okuzenza zibe izinto ezikhethwayo zokuvala izixhumanisi zokulahla ukushisa kumishini kagesi kanye nokwakha izindonga zamakhethini.
II. Izinkomba Zokusebenza Ezibalulekile Nezidingo Zobuchwepheshe
Ukusebenza kwezinamatheliso zezimboni kufanele kuhlangabezane-namazinga obuchwepheshe anobukhulu obuhlukahlukene. Amapharamitha angumongo afaka:
•Amandla ebhondi: Lokhu kuhlukaniswe ngamandla aqinile (ikhono lokumelana namandla ancikene nendawo yebhondi), amandla okugunda (ikhono lokumelana namandla okugunda ahambisana nendawo yebhondi), namandla okucwecwa (umthwalo ngobubanzi beyunithi ngayinye edingekayo ukuze kuhlukaniswe ubuso obuhlangene). Izinamathiselo zesakhiwo ngokuvamile zidinga amandla okugunda Okukhulu noma alingana no-15 MPa.
•Ukumelana nemvelo: Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukumelana nezinga lokushisa (isb,{2}}ukuzinza kwesikhathi eside ukusuka ku--40℃kuya ku-150℃), ukumelana nokushisa nomswakama (izinga lokuguga ku-85℃/85% RH), ukumelana namakhemikhali (ama-acids, ama-alkali, namafutha), kanye nokumelana nemisebe ye-UV (ukucindezela okuphuzi nokushaki kwezinhlelo zokusebenza zangaphandle).
•Ukuhambisana kwenqubo: Lokhu kuhlanganisa impilo yebhodwe (isikhathi sokusebenza ngemva kokuxuba), izimo zokuphulukisa (izinga lokushisa legumbi, ukushisa, noma ukuphulukiswa kwe-UV), i-thixotropy (ukumelana nokugeleza uma isetshenziswa ezindaweni eziqondile), kanye nokuhambisana kwendawo (ikhono lokumanzisa kuma-substrates ahlukene).
Isibonelo, izinto ezinamathelayo ezisetshenziswa emaphaketheni e-elekthronikhi kufanele ngesikhathi esisodwa zihlangabezane nezimpawu zengcindezi ephansi (ukuvimbela ukuqhekeka kwamaphakheji e-chip), ukuqhutshwa kwe-thermal okuphezulu (i-thermal conductivity ingafinyelela ku-5-10 W/(m·K) uma igcwaliswe ngezigcwalisi ezifana ne-aluminium nitride), kanye nokuphulukiswa okusheshayo (-okuphambene{2}}nokuhlangabezana nezimfuneko zokukhanya kwe-UV kanye nokuxhumanisa ukukhanya okuncane ngaphakathi kwesekhondi lesibili. ama-chips anemvamisa ephezulu.
III. Izimo Zokusebenza Ezijwayelekile kanye Nevelu Yemboni
Emkhakheni wokukhiqiza izimoto, izinto zokunamathisela zibalelwa ngaphezu kuka-30% wesamba esisetshenziswayo sokunamathela emotweni. Asetshenziselwa ukuhlanganisa izakhiwo ezihlanganisiwe zensimbi ne-aluminium alloy (ukunciphisa isisindo ngo-15%-20%), ukuvala ingilazi yewindi namafreyimu (ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwe-NVH), kanye nokuphephisa nokukhipha ukushisa kumamojula wephakethe lebhethri (ukuvimbela ukusabalala kokubaleka kokushisa). Emkhakheni we-aerospace, -okunamathelisa i-epoxy ukumelana nezinga lokushisa okuphezulu nama-phenolic{9}}okunamathelayo kwe-nitrile asetshenziselwa ukuhlanganisa ama-turbine blade kuma-casings (amelana nezinga lokushisa okudlula ama-degree angu-300 ) kanye nokuhlanganisa izingxenye eziyinhlanganisela ye-carbon fiber ukunciphisa ukugxilisa ingqondo okubangelwa ukumba. Emkhakheni wezogesi kanye nogesi, izinto ezinamathelayo (eziqukethe izigcwalisi ezifana nesiliva ne-nickel) zithatha indawo ye-solder evamile ukuze kufinyelelwe{12}}uxhumo lwezinga lokushisa eliphansi (ngaphansi kuka-150℃) ezingxenyeni ezincane (ezifana{14}}njengosayizi ongu-0201{14}}okumelana nokumelana), ukuvimbela ukulimala kwezinga lokushisa eliphezulu kuma-chips azwelayo. Emkhakheni wemishini yezokwelapha, izinto ezinamathelayo ezihambisana ne-biocompatible (njengama-acrylates alaphekayo yi-UV) zisetshenziselwa ukulungisa isikhashana ama-catheter esikhumbeni kanye nokulungisa ingcina izimila zamathambo, ezihlangabezana nezindinganiso ze-ISO 10993 ze-biosafety.
IV. Amathrendi Okuthuthukiswa Nezinselele
Njengamanje, izinamathiselo zezimboni zithuthukela ekusebenzeni okuphezulu, ukusebenza okuhlanganisiwe, kanye nobungane bemvelo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuthuthukiswa kokusebenza okubalulekile kufinyelelwa nge-nanotechnology (efana nokwengezwa kwe-carbon nanotubes ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza namandla) kanye nedizayini yamangqamuzana (ukwethula amabhondi ashukumisayo e-covalent ukuze uzuze{1}}amakhono okuziphilisa). Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukwakheka kwe-biodegradable bio-okusekelwe kukho (njengesitashi-izinhlelo zotshwala be-polyvinyl) kanye nezakhi eziphansi-ze-VOC (volatile organic compound) ziyathuthukiswa ukuze zihambisane nemithetho yezemvelo yomhlaba wonke (njengemikhawulo yomthetho we-EU REACH ezintweni eziyingozi). Kodwa-ke, izinselele zokumatanisa isixhumi esibonakalayo sokuhlangana okuningi-kwezinto ezibonakalayo (ezifana nezinhlanganisela zensimbi-ze-ceramic{9}}ze-polymer) kanye{10}}nokuqinisekiswa kokwethenjelwa kwesikhathi eside ezindaweni ezibucayi (njenge-cryogenics emkhathini ojulile noma imisebe enamandla ye-nuclear reactor) kuhlala kuyizithiyo zobuchwepheshe imboni ezidinga ukuyinqoba ngokushesha.
Kafushane, izinto zokunamathisela ezimbonini azizona nje kuphela izinto zokuxhuma "zebhuloho lamangqamuzana" kodwa futhi ziyisici esiyinhloko esiqhuba ukuthuthukiswa{0}}kokukhiqiza okuphezulu. Ngokuthuthuka kwesayensi yezinto zokwakha kanye nobunjiniyela, zizokhombisa inani elingenakushintshwa emikhakheni esafufusa kakhudlwana (njengokugcina amandla amasha kanye nokupakishwa kwe-semiconductor).